International maritime cargo transportation refers to the act of a carrier transporting goods shipped by a shipper from one country's port to country's port via sea route, using seagoing vessels as the means of transport and charging freight as remuneration, in accordance with the provisions of a contract of carriage goods by sea.
International ocean freight is the most important mode of transportation in international trade, accounting for more than two-thirds of the total volume of international trade. The vast of China's imports and exports are transported by sea.
Liner transportation
a. Characteristics of liner transportation: (1) Liner transportation has fixed sailing dates, routes, ports of call, and relatively fixed freight rates; (2) The liner freight includes loading and unloading charges, so the port loading and unloading of the liner the responsibility of the ship; (3) The amount of cargo carried by liner is relatively flexible, and the shipper can book space as needed, which is especially suitable for the of general cargo and container cargo.
b. Liner freight.
Liner freight is stipulated in the liner freight schedule and includes basic freight and various surcharges. Basic is divided into two categories: one is the traditional general cargo freight; the other is the container full-container freight rate.
General cargo may also be charged according to the price number of pieces of the commodity. For large quantities of low-value goods, the freight can be negotiated between the ship and the cargo.
There are many types of surcharges liner freight, including: surcharge for extra length, surcharge for extra weight, surcharge for choice of discharge port, surcharge for change of discharge port, fuel surcharge port congestion surcharge, diversion surcharge, transshipment surcharge, and direct surcharge, etc.
In the cost of container transportation, in addition to the above freight, it is also necessary to include related service fees and equipment usage fees.
In addition, if different goods are mixed in the same packaging, the liner company will charge freight on the higher charging item. For the same bill of goods, if the packaging is different, the charging grade and standard will also be different. If the shipper does not separately the gross weight and volume of different packaging, the entire bill of goods will be charged at the higher rate. If there are more than two different names of goods in the same bill lading, and the shipper does not separately list the gross weight and volume, the higher rate will also be charged
Chartering transport
Chartering means chartering the whole ship. The cost of chartering is cheaper than that of liner transportation and it is possible to choose a direct route, so bulk goods generally adopt chartering transportation. There are mainly two kinds of chartering methods: voyage chartering and time chartering
Voyage charter. Voyage charter is a chartering method based on the voyage, also known as voyage charter. The shipowner must complete the cargo transportation task according to voyage stipulated in the charter contract, and is responsible for the operation and management of the ship and the various expenses incurred during the voyage. The freight of voyage charter is generally according to the quantity of goods shipped, and is also calculated according to the amount of charter per voyage. The rights and obligations of the charterer and the shipowner shall be stip in the charter contract: in the voyage charter method, the contract shall clearly stipulate whether the shipowner shall bear the loading and unloading expenses of the goods in the port. the shipowner does not bear the loading and unloading, the loading and unloading period or the loading and unloading rate, as well as the corresponding demurrage and dispatch shall be stipulated in the contract. If the charterer fails to complete the loading and unloading operation within the time limit, in order to compensate for the loss of the ship's delayed sailing, a certain penalty, that is, demurrage, shall be paid to the shipowner. If the charterer completes the loading and unloading operation in, the shipowner shall pay a certain bonus to the charterer, which is called dispatch. Usually the dispatch is half of the demurrage.
Time charter. Time charter a way of chartering a ship for transportation within a certain period of time, also known as time charter. The shipowner should provide a seaworthy ship within the lease periodulated in the contract, and bear the relevant expenses for keeping the ship seaworthy. The charterer can schedule and control the ship freely within this period, but should bear the expenses incurred in the course of operation, such as fuel costs, port charges and loading and unloading charges.
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